By David Kirton
SHENZHEN, China (Reuters) – Chinese tech giants Didi Global Inc and JD.com have set up unions for their staff in landmark moves in the country’s tech sector where organised labour is rare.
E-commerce company JD.com established its trade union this week, according to a newspaper affiliated with the Beijing Federation of Trade Unions while the union for ride-hailing platform Didi was announced on an internal forum last month, two people familiar with the matter told Reuters.
WHY ARE THE TECH COMPANIES ESTABLISHING UNIONS?
Didi and JD.com are the biggest tech firms in China to establish company-wide unions up until now, though authorities in a county in Hubei province said in June that local subsidiaries of delivery firms Meituan and Ele.me, owned by Alibaba, have also established unions.
The government is encouraging companies to implement initiatives to share wealth as part of a recent “common prosperity” drive laid out by President Xi Jinping to ease inequality in the world’s second-largest economy.
China’s Communist Party is preparing for major political meetings in November as it reviews its development over its 100 years of existence, with the meetings expected to outline the government’s vision for the country’s economy.
Ahead of this, China’s tech titans have been facing a multi-pronged crackdown across sectors including gaming, the sharing economy, including bike and even phone-power pack sharing, cloud computing, algorithms and IPOs.
While China’s private-led tech sector has developed with a relatively light-touch from regulators over the last decade, some work culture practices appear to be coming in for greater scrutiny.
Many rely on flexible workers who number 200 million nationwide, according to state media.
Didi, which provides 25 million rides a day, has been criticised by state media for not paying its drivers fairly. In April it said it would set up a drivers committee to improve income stability and transparency over wages.
It is also the subject of an investigation launched by several Chinese regulators on the heels of its $4.4 billion U.S. stock market listing.
Last month, China’s top court said the overtime practice of “996”, working 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. six days a week, a policy common among many Chinese technology firms, was illegal.
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF LABOUR UNIONS IN CHINA?
Labour unions have a central place in the Chinese Communist Party’s proletariat beginnings, and workers’ rights have grown in importance as China moved from a planned economy to a more market-oriented one. The country boasts the biggest union in the world, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU), a state-run body.
All unions in China are required to register with the ACFTU and have largely been confined to sectors such as manufacturing and transport.
However, ACFTU’s track record in negotiating better terms for workers has, however, often been criticised.
Aidan Chau, a researcher at the Hong Kong-based China Labour Bulletin, said the country’s unions rarely directly challenged how companies treat their workers, focusing instead on matters such as alleviating employee grievances and promoting work safety.
Xi is reported to have criticised the ACFTU behind closed doors as early as 2013 for not doing more for workers, according to academics and former union cadres, telling ACFTU to “break new ground” in supporting workers and unions in November 2018.
Yet support for unions has been less clear in practice.
Also in late 2018, protests over sacked workers at Jasic International, a welding machinery manufacturer in the southern city of Huizhou, led to detentions of the student activists, and two trade union officials who helped set up the union.
Since then labour rights groups have faced increased police harassment and intimidation, several people formerly involved in rights groups have told Reuters.
WHAT ARE THE NEW TECH COMPANY UNIONS EXPECTED TO ACHIEVE?
In July, the ACFTU and seven other top Chinese government bodies published guidance about safeguarding the rights of gig economy workers and suggested unions could play a role in helping negotiate with firms, mediate disputes and provide legal aid for workers.
It remains unclear what the exact aims are of Didi’s union, while JD.com said some of its local units have created unions in recent years and the new group-level union will help them with planning and coordination.
(Reporting by David Kirton; Editing by Jacqueline Wong)
